I love science–the “hard sciences,” like physics and chemistry and biology. The so-called “soft sciences” don’t impress me. Those are the disciplines that try to apply the methods of science to human beings, with questionable results. Anthropologists and sociologists and psychologists can gather all the data in the world about human behavior–but do they really know anything about any real human beings when they’re done?

For my money, fiction authors are the true “social scientists.” Do you really understand humanity? Then create a man from scratch. Lay the foundations of his motives and memories, frame his emotions and beliefs, finish him with all the details of his own life story. It takes artistic skill to sketch a human face on a sheet of paper (my best attempts are mere caricatures), but an author sculpts human souls out of a block of paper.

Readers know when the author has succeeded–or failed. We readers know a “cardboard characters” when we see one. They are “flat” because they are too trite, too predictable. The bad guys are all bad; the good guys are all good. It’s bad writing–and it’s false. Real humans aren’t like that!

I have a simplistic rule for creating “three-dimensional characters.” Every major character needs to have at least three primary and independent motivations. “Good characters” should have two good motivators and one bad one. “Bad characters” should have two bad motivators and one good one. (That can be a challenge if your plot requires a villain with no redeeming features–which is why I have reserved my own evil twin for any future plots that demand the ultimate evil. )

That’s my rule for creating “three-dimensional characters,” but novelists have to go a step further. I define a “novel” as a work of fiction where at least one major motivation of the protagonist changes over time. Since time is the fourth dimension, I call these “four-dimensional characters.” They aren’t just sculptures of static human beings–they have to move!

Successful authors make the reader want to keep on reading. They create characters that move–and move us. Beauty has that quality–it makes us want more. The beautiful novel presents characters that linger in the mind long after the book is over.

A thing of beauty is a joy forever. Let us study beauty!